Bioaccumulation of trace elements in Cyprinus Carpio’s organs collected from Hammam Boughrara dam

Zaineb Derrag^1,2, Nacéra Dali Youcef², Souheyla Boudjema^3,4*

¹Belhadj Bouchaib University Center-Ain Témouchent, Science of Nature and Life Department, 46000, Algeria.

²Ecology and Environment Department. Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences and Earth and Universe Sciences. University of Tlemcen Laboratory of Valuation of Shares Rights for the Environment and Public Health Applications Protection. DFZMS, BP 119, Tlemcen, 13000, Algeria.

³Département De Forage Et Mécanique Des Chantiers Pétroliers, Faculté Des Hydrocarbures, Des Énergies Renouvelables, Des Sciences De La Terre et de l’univers, Université Kasdi Merbah, BP 511 Route Ghardaia, Ouargla, Algeria.

⁴Laboratoire De Catalyse et Synthèse en Chimie Organique, Faculté Des Sciences, Université de Tlemcen,

BP 119, Imama, Tlemcen, Algeria.

*Corresponding Author E-mail: boudjemaa.souhila@gmail.com

ABSTRACT:

The present study is related to the evaluation of metal pollution (Fe, Zn, Cd, Cu, Pb) in Hammam Boughrara dam (Department of Tlemcen) by using a biological indicator and the common carp (CyprinuscarpioL.1758) fished in this dam. This fish reflects very well the quality of its biotope. It is a very abundant species which resists to the change of the temperatures and it is well appreciated by the consumer. The samples were obtained by the dam administration during January 2017. The weight and the various sizes were recorded. A dissection was carried out on fifteen individuals. Four organs were taken: the liver; body of metabolism, the gills; first bodies of contact with water, the muscle representing the part consumed by the man, and the gonads; reproductive organs. The heavy metal concentrations were determined by the spectrophotometry of atomic absorption to flame (SAAF). In the fish samples, Cd and Pb concentrations exceeded the tolerable values. Metal accumulation by the gills is in general higher than that of the liver, the gonads and the muscle. The high contents are: lead in all the organs, zinc in the gills and the liver, cadmium in the gills and the gonads exceeding the tolerable values. The accumulation gradient is as follows: Zn > Fe > Cu > Pb > Cd. The results obtained, treated statistically revealed significant differences between organs for zinc and lead. The levels of the average metal concentrations in the muscle present a risk for the consumer.

KEYWORDS: Metals, dam, cyprinus carpio, Hammam Boughrara, Maghnia.

INTRODUCTION:

Over the last few decades, environmental pollution has appeared as a major problem in freshwater ecosystems^{[1, 2]}. Among these, metals are regarded as serious pollutants of the aquatic ecosystems because of their toxicity, long persistence, bioaccumulation, and biomagnification in the food chain ^[3-8].

Heavy metals are considered as one of the most serious pollutants in aquatic environments, resulting from natural processes and/or anthropogenic origins^[9-11]. Pollution of Heavy metal causes a bad impact to the health and human beings due to potential accumulation risk through the food chain are well-being of organisms ^[12-14]. Biomonitoring species have been used worldwide because they are considered as a powerful tool for biomonitoring purposes due to their ability to reflect the bioavailable level of metals in the surrounding marine environment^[15-18].

Among aquatic organisms, fish is generally capable of accumulating high levels of contaminants from the surrounding environment^[13,19]. Therefore; estimation of the trace metals in fish became important to estimate freshwater pollution and risk potential of human consumption^[20,21]. Moreover, many studies have been published on heavy metal accumulation in fish^[13,22-26].

Dams - often referred to as "useful pyramids" - are part of larger man-made structures. For thousands of years, they have played a vital role for humans ensuring their vital needs for water, food and energy while respecting the environment and ensuring the sustainable management of resources^[27]. Hammam Boughrara Dam is among the largest dams in western Algeria. This dam experiences pollution due to several factors. This reservoir is intended to fit the drinking water needs of the cities of Oran (33 hm³) and Maghnia (17 hm³). The toxic effects of heavy metals can affect physiological functions, growth rates, reproduction, and mortality^[28].

Hence, the present work aims at determining concentrations of cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn), in liver, gonads, gills and muscle tissues of Cyprinus carpio from Hammam Boughrara dam in Algeria.

MATERIAL AND METHODS:

Sampling, sample treatment and analysis:

Hammam Boughrara dam (Fig. 1) is continuously exposed to urban and agricultural wastes including a large number of metal ions.

Figure 1: Map of the studied area showing the Hammam Boughrara dam where samples were collected

The fish was procured in January 2017. Age total body length and total wet weight were recorded. The muscle, gills, gonads and liver were chosen as target organs for assessing metal accumulation. The concentrations of metals in gills reflect those of metals in the water. The metal content in the muscle shows the importance for human consumption and that in the gonads shows importance of reproduction. Digestion was conducted according to dry method ^[28].

The resulting solutions were then filtered using a cellulose membrane with a porosity of 0.45 µm and a swinex, and adjusted to 20 ml with bid stiller water, then packed in polyethylene bags and kept at 4 °C in the refrigerator until analysis. Acids exhibiting high purity were employed, i.e. HCl and HNO₃, from Merck Suprapur quality.AURORA AI. 1200 Flame Atomic Absorption  Spectrophotometer was used to determine the concentrations of metals (Cd, Fe, Cu, Pb, Zn and Ni). A blank was added to each digestion series to determine the exogenous contamination.

Statistical analysis:

For each sampling, three total digestions were performed and the overall value was recorded as the average of these tests with their respective standard deviations. Statistical analysis was performed using Minitab 16 software. ANOVA test was used to compare the data for different months and organs at the level of 0.05 and alsoan analysis of relationships between variables was carried out using principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA) on data sets.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

Table 1 shows the average concentrations of the metals studied (Fe, Zn, Cd, Cu and Pb) and their standard deviations.

Table 1: Mean metal contents (mg / kg) and standard deviations in the organs of the common carp of HammamBoughrara dam

Metal concentration (mg/Kg) Organs	Fe	Zn	Cd	Cu	Pb
Muscles	5.04 ± 2.74	10.30±5.05	0.08±0.04	0.19±0.13	0.83±0.29
Gills	39.43±23.56	109.89±50.05	0.17±0.09	0.42±0.23	1.28±0.55
Liver	47.75±32.70	135.74±92.49	0.18±0.08	0.17±0.16	0.33±0.22
Gonads	29.26±20.18	25.39±18.40	0.17±0.10	0.39±0.19	0.84±0.19

According to Table 1, the highest average metal levels are 135.74 ± 92.94 mg/kg for zinc in the liver and the lowest are 0.08 ± 0.08 mg / kg for cadmium in the muscle. The results indicate different affinities of trace elements to various organs of the studied fish. Iron accumulated in a great degree in the liver and its content was always higher than the one in the gills. Similarly, Zn was mostly accumulated in the liver than in the gills. The contents of Cd in the gonads, and the gills were similar to a low degree than those in the muscle and the liver. Copper was accumulated to a high degree in the gills, whereas the levels of its accumulation in the liver, gonads, and muscle were the lowest. Lead was mainly concentrated in the gills.

The concentrations of Cd and Pb in the gills, gonads were higher than in the liver and the muscle. The lowest contents of all elements were always found in the muscle tissue.

Distribution patterns of metal concentrations in the liver, gills and muscle of Cyprinus carpio follow the sequence:

Zn > Fe> Cu >Pb> Cd

The phenomenon that different metals are accumulated at different concentrations in the various organs and tissues of fish was observed in the literature^[13,29-31].

Figure 2 presents the comparison of the average metal contents (Fe, Zn, Cu, Ni, Pb and Cd) between the organs (muscles, gills, liver and gonads) of the common carp caught in Hammam Boughrara dam. The contents of these metals are expressed in mg/kg relative to the dry weight in the four organs of the common carp (muscle, gills, liver and gonads). The horizontal line in each figure below indicates the reference value for each metal element studied^[32].

Figure 2: Comparison of average metal levels between organs (muscles, gills, liver, and gonads) common carp caught in the Hammam Boughrara dam

The present study focused on the accumulation of heavy metals in Cyprinus carpio and showed differences in heavy metals accumulation in the different tissues. Figure 2 shown that the average iron levels are 5.04± 2.74mg/kg in the muscle, 39.43±23.56mg/kg in the gills, 47.75±32.70mg/kg in the liver, and 29.26±20.18mg/kg in the gonads.

Mean zinc concentrations are 10.30±5.05mg/kg in the muscle, 109.89±50.05mg/kg in the gills, 135.74±92.49 mg/kg in the liver and, 39±18.40 in the gonads. Zinc contents exceed the FAO/WHO (1998) standard for gills and liver (Figure 2). Zn is generally known as an essential trace element for aquatic organisms needed for all biological activities as it performs a role in cell growth and coenzyme-catalyzed reactions.

It was also found that mean cadmium levels fluctuate around 0.08±0.04mg/kg in the muscle, 0.17±0.09mg/kg in the gills, 0.08±0.08mg/kg in the liver, and 0.17±0.10 mg/kg in the gonads and exceed the standard 0.1mg/kg (FAO/WHO, 1998) in the gills and the gonads.

Mean lead levels are 0.83±0.29mg/kg in the muscle, 1.28 ±0.55mg/kg in the gills, 0.33±0.22mg/kg in the liver and 0, 84±0.19mg/kg in the gonads. These levels exceed the standard of 0.5mg.kg (FAO/WHO, 1998) in the muscle, gills and gonads. Lead and cadmium are the most commonly distributed environmental metal poisons^[33]. They are accumulated in human tissues and may be the cause of some diseases^[34,35]. Several authors have reported higher concentrations of Cd in livers than in muscles^[36-39].

Lower level of Cd in muscles is present because of lower density of cistein and methionin in muscle tissues^[40]. Mean copper levels are 0.19±0.13mg/kg in the muscle, 0.42±0.23mg/kg in the gills, 0.17±0.16mg/kg in the liver, and 0, 39± 0.19mg/kg in the gonads. The levels do not exceed the standard 10mg/kg (FAO/WHO, 1998).

An experimental studies are indicated a considerable increase of Cu in the gills of roach and carp, Cyprinus carpio L^[41,42]. Target organs, such as liver, gonads, and gills are metabolically active tissues and accumulate heavy metals of higher levels, as it has been observed in many experimental and field studies^[43-45]. Several studies e.g.,^[33,46-49]; have reported the lowest concentrations of Pb, Zn and Cu in muscles. The reason could be the presence of metalothionin proteins in the liver with high tendency to bind with Cu, Zn and the specific function of the liver as a source of metals accumulation and transportation^[49].

Gills, which are the main target for direct contamination, play a significant role in metal uptake, storage, transfer to the internal organs via blood transport, and excretion. From Figure 2, the accumulation gradient per organ is as follows:

Fe and Zn: liver> gills> gonads> muscle,

Cd and Cu: gills> gonads> muscle> liver,

Pb: gills> muscle> gonads> liver

Furthermore, concentrations of metals in fish tissues depend upon environmental factors such as water temperature, body size, fish age and the biotransformation and excretion processes^[42,50,51]. Lower level of Cd in muscles is because of lower density of cistein and methionin in muscle tissues^[38].

The variability observed in the metal levels of different species depends on feeding habits^[52], ecological needs, metabolism, age, size and length of the fish^[42] and their habitats^[53,54].

According to ANOVA1 one-way variance analysis (size classes), there is no significant inter organ difference (p> 0.05). Gills concentrations are high because they reflect the concentrations of metals in the water^[55]. Gills are the sites of water-based metals adsorption. These metals penetrate into other parts of the body^[56]. Concentrations are also high in the liver and this can be explained by the high levels of metallothionein induction that occurs in this organ^[55]. The muscle is not an active tissue for bioaccumulation^[53].

Figure 3: Size-weight relationships

Common carp individuals were grouped by size class. Four size classes were chosen. Table 2 shows the different lengths and the total weight for each size class. The study of the size-weight relationship generally meets two objectives: the individuals’ weight determination whose size is known or conversely and the description of the forms.

The relationship between size and weight is established  according to the following equation to^[57].

Ln (PT) = Ln a + b Ln (LT)

The plot Ln PT = f (Ln LT); in figure 3 gives a linear line of the form Ln PT = 2.37 Ln (LT) - 2.24 with R² = 0.8764 (R: correlation coefficient) and the slope b = 2.37

The size-weight relationship shows a halide (B <3).

Table 2: Different lengths (LT, LC and LA) and total weight for each size class

Size classes	n	LT	LC	LA	PT
[31.3-32.8]	3	32.2 ± 0.79	6.40 ± 0.52	21.33 ± 0.76	438.67 ± 10.26
]32.8-33.9]	4	33.63 ± 0.29	6.55 ± 0.76	23.55 ± 0.93	459.25 ± 14.66
]32.8-33.9]	4	33.63 ± 0.29	7.15 ± 0.31	23.40 ± 1.41	459.25 ± 14.66
]34.4-46.4]	4	39.40 ± 5.43	8.30 ± 0.66	26.50 ± 4.48	644.75 ± 279.76

It was mentioned that heavy metal levels in different species depend on fish biometric properties^[42,58], and their feeding habits^[49,59-61].

According to^[62] increase in body size reduces metal concentration in muscles. The metabolic ratio and dilution of metal during growth period are responsible for this relationship. When growth rate is faster than metal deposition ratio, increase in age and weight decreases metal concentration in tissues even in polluted environments^[35]. Changes in feeding behavior with an increase in age towards benthopelagic strategy could be a reason for the increase in metals concentration with age^[63,63].

Multi-Varied Analysis (AFC):

We present in Figure 4 a factorial design generated by the two axes of the factorial analysis calculated from the metal contents in the of individuals’ four organs of the different size classes.

Figure 4: Factorial design generated by the two axes of the factorial analysis calculated from the metal contents in the four organs of individuals of different size classes

The enter matrix that was used for multi factor analysis is composed of twenty columns, the metals (Fe, Zn, Cd, Cu, Pb) in the studied organs (muscle, gills, livers, and gonads), and four lines corresponding to size classes (observations) in common carp.

The analysis accounts for 83.9% of the general information. This analysis made it possible to retain two respective inertia 56.3% for axis 1 and 27.6% for axis 2. We observe that the contents of the five metals are very high in the liver and the muscles of the small size classes, the iron in the muscle, the lead in the gonads of the large size classes, and the lead contents in the muscle, the gills and gonads in classes] 33.9-34.4],]32.8-33.9] and [31.3-32.8].

CONCLUSION:

The concentrations of heavy metals (Cd, Fe, Cu, Pb, Zn and Ni) in the common carp organs collected from the Hammam Boughrara dam were studied. Very rapid deterioration in quality has been observed because of the anthropogenic activities. These may be the possible causes for the high metals. Measurements were made to determine the level of contamination. The quality of the samples indicated that heavy metal concentrations in the gills are very high compared to the remains of other organs.

Cd and Pb concentrations were above and beyond the gills and the gonads norms. Zinc contents exceed the FAO/WHO (1998) standard in the gills and the liver.

Common carp could be considered as a bio-indicator of environmental contamination in the area by estimating the bioavailability of metals in freshwater. A potential danger may occur in the future depending on the agricultural and industrial development in this region. The Hammam Boughrara dam is used for agricultural irrigation purposes, the results of the research show that the common carp of Hammam Boughrara dam is not suitable for human consumption.

We can conclude that there should be an effort to protect the dam from pollution to reduce environmental risks.

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Received on 01.11.2020                    Modified on 21.11.2020

Accepted on 02.12.2020                   ©AJRC All right reserved

Asian J. Research Chem. 2021; 14(1):79-85.

DOI: 10.5958/0974-4150.2021.00010.9